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Setting exposure with a step gauge

Setting exposure with a step gauge

2009-05-30 by Philip Pemberton

Hi guys,
My two Stouffer 21-step step gauges arrived the other day, and I'd like to
use them to figure out an exposure for a positive-acting precoated photoresist
board. I've had a look at the instructions on Thinktink's website, which are
about as clear as mud and seem to be for their own (negative acting) photoresist.

Can anyone explain how to do this? The laminate I was going to try and
calibrate is some really old Maplin "Economy Single-Sided SRBP Photo-Etch
Board" that one of my friends wants testing. Frankly it saves me digging into
my own stocks of (FR4) board...

Also, does anyone know how the procedure for setting UV exposure levels
differs when using positive photoresist?

Thanks,
--
Phil.
ygroups@...
http://www.philpem.me.uk/

Re: [Homebrew_PCBs] Setting exposure with a step gauge

2009-05-30 by Zoran A. Scepanovic

-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----
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Philip Pemberton wrote:
> Hi guys,
> My two Stouffer 21-step step gauges arrived the other day, and I'd like to
> use them to figure out an exposure for a positive-acting precoated photoresist
%<

Check <http://www.thinktink.com/stack/volumes/volvi/filmimag.htm> there
you have the explanation on using step gauge

--
Best regards,
Zoran A. Scepanovic
zastos@...
+381 63 609-993
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[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Re: [Homebrew_PCBs] Setting exposure with a step gauge

2009-05-30 by DJ Delorie

Philip Pemberton <ygroups@...> writes:
> Can anyone explain how to do this? The laminate I was going to try and
> calibrate is some really old Maplin "Economy Single-Sided SRBP Photo-Etch
> Board" that one of my friends wants testing. Frankly it saves me digging into
> my own stocks of (FR4) board...

Check the archives; I've described this before a few times, but in a nutshell:

You put the gauge on some PCB and expose it for some time, like 8
minutes, and develop it. One of the steps will have some but not all
resist remaining; this is the "step" of that exposure. Near the "1"
end of the gauge it will be overexposed (one hopes), and near the "21"
end it will be unexposed.

If the step is too low, increase your exposure time - for the ST21,
twice the exposure moves you TWO steps (1.414x per step).

If the step is too high, decrease your exposure time similarly.

Show quoted textHide quoted text
> Also, does anyone know how the procedure for setting UV exposure levels
> differs when using positive photoresist?

It doesn't, you just need to know what step to use for your particular
film. If you can't find that info, use 8, which is what Riston uses.

Re: [Homebrew_PCBs] Setting exposure with a step gauge

2009-05-31 by Philip Pemberton

DJ Delorie wrote:
> Check the archives; I've described this before a few times, but in a nutshell:

I did a quick search of the archives (and had a read of the page on
Thinktink's website, but that was about as clear as mud) and didn't find
anything particularly relevant.

IIRC I was searching for "step exposure uv" and things related to that...

> You put the gauge on some PCB and expose it for some time,

With the artwork or without?

Thanks.
--
Phil.
ygroups@...
http://www.philpem.me.uk/

Re: [Homebrew_PCBs] Setting exposure with a step gauge

2009-05-31 by leon Heller

----- Original Message -----
From: "Philip Pemberton" <ygroups@...>
To: <Homebrew_PCBs@yahoogroups.com>
Sent: Sunday, May 31, 2009 4:47 PM
Subject: Re: [Homebrew_PCBs] Setting exposure with a step gauge


> DJ Delorie wrote:
>> Check the archives; I've described this before a few times, but in a
>> nutshell:
>
> I did a quick search of the archives (and had a read of the page on
> Thinktink's website, but that was about as clear as mud) and didn't find
> anything particularly relevant.
>
> IIRC I was searching for "step exposure uv" and things related to that...
>
>> You put the gauge on some PCB and expose it for some time,
>
> With the artwork or without?

Without!

Leon

Re: [Homebrew_PCBs] Setting exposure with a step gauge

2009-05-31 by Philip Pemberton

leon Heller wrote:
>>> You put the gauge on some PCB and expose it for some time,
>> With the artwork or without?
>
> Without!

No need to shout! :)

I've spent this afternoon doing a few tests on some cheap Maplin pre-coated
laminate, with Seno "Develop 110" developer (the one that costs £7 plus VAT
from Rapid and looks like a bottle of shoe polish). I have a sneaking
suspicion the boards may have been sitting on a shelf for quite some time as
they were rather difficult to get even remotely close to step 8 on the step
gauge. It took half a dozen attempts, and a final exposure time of 960 seconds
(16 minutes) and a developing time of 60 seconds (it says on the can that it
only takes 20-30).

My understanding is that my goal is to have a "step held" (the first step
that's <50% exposed) at step 8. In my case, with positive photoresist, that
means the first step that's less than 50% clear copper should be step 9.

I think I'm going to liberate a sheet or two of Microtrak or CIF precoated PCB
laminate from the storage cupboard and see if that works any better. Even if
it doesn't expose better, it should certainly cut better in the shear...

Hmm. More experimenting required....

Thanks,
--
Phil.
ygroups@...
http://www.philpem.me.uk/

Re: [Homebrew_PCBs] Setting exposure with a step gauge

2009-06-01 by DJ Delorie

Philip Pemberton <ygroups@...> writes:
> I did a quick search of the archives (and had a read of the page on
> Thinktink's website, but that was about as clear as mud) and didn't
> find anything particularly relevant.
>
> IIRC I was searching for "step exposure uv" and things related to that...

Relevent messages (search for "delorie exposure step"):

http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/Homebrew_PCBs/message/20864
http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/Homebrew_PCBs/message/20879
http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/Homebrew_PCBs/message/20887
http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/Homebrew_PCBs/message/20890
http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/Homebrew_PCBs/message/20896

(Feel free to link to these on the wiki)

Show quoted textHide quoted text
> > You put the gauge on some PCB and expose it for some time,
>
> With the artwork or without?

Without the artwork, but with everything else you'll use - like a
glass overlay or vacuum system.

The last message above tells you how to test your ink to see how much
UV it blocks; you use artwork for that.

Re: [Homebrew_PCBs] Setting exposure with a step gauge

2009-06-01 by leon Heller

----- Original Message -----
From: "Philip Pemberton" <ygroups@...>
To: <Homebrew_PCBs@yahoogroups.com>
Sent: Sunday, May 31, 2009 11:27 PM
Subject: Re: [Homebrew_PCBs] Setting exposure with a step gauge


leon Heller wrote:
>>> You put the gauge on some PCB and expose it for some time,
>> With the artwork or without?
>
> Without!

No need to shout! :)

I've spent this afternoon doing a few tests on some cheap Maplin pre-coated
laminate, with Seno "Develop 110" developer (the one that costs £7 plus VAT
from Rapid and looks like a bottle of shoe polish). I have a sneaking
suspicion the boards may have been sitting on a shelf for quite some time as
they were rather difficult to get even remotely close to step 8 on the step
gauge. It took half a dozen attempts, and a final exposure time of 960
seconds
(16 minutes) and a developing time of 60 seconds (it says on the can that it
only takes 20-30).

My understanding is that my goal is to have a "step held" (the first step
that's <50% exposed) at step 8. In my case, with positive photoresist, that
means the first step that's less than 50% clear copper should be step 9.

I think I'm going to liberate a sheet or two of Microtrak or CIF precoated
PCB
laminate from the storage cupboard and see if that works any better. Even if
it doesn't expose better, it should certainly cut better in the shear...


Buy the boards from Farnell or Rapid; the resist goes off after six months
or so, I've found, and they could be old stock. I use sodium hydroxide for
development - 12 g/litre.

Leon

Re: [Homebrew_PCBs] Setting exposure with a step gauge

2009-06-01 by DJ Delorie

Philip Pemberton <ygroups@...> writes:
> My understanding is that my goal is to have a "step held" (the first
> step that's <50% exposed) at step 8. In my case, with positive
> photoresist, that means the first step that's less than 50% clear
> copper should be step 9.

The "last step held" is the last step that has *any* resist remaining,
at least with negative resist. I've found that you get one step
completely cured, one partial, and one completely missing. So if you
want to hold step 8, then step 8 should the last one that has any
resist remaining. If step 9 has any remaining, you've held step 9
instead. I suppose you could fine-tune your exposure by aiming for
50% held on the last step, but I don't think PCB work needs that kind
of accuracy.

Note that the step you should hold depends on the film. Riston wants
8, but others may want other steps. If you don't know what your film
wants, see how many steps your artwork blocks, and aim for a step in
the middle. Example: expose a stripe pattern artwork through a step
gauge for 8x or 16x your expected normal time. This should give you
something like this: http://www.delorie.com/pcb/dryfilm2.html

From that, I can see that steps 6 through 13 "work", the midpoing
being step 9 or so. So whatever that exposure was, I'd use 1/16 of
that time (step 9 down to step 1 = 8 steps, or 2**(8/2)). This gives
a "normal" exposure that's the same exposure as what that test strip
saw at step 9.

If I decided that step 7 was the best result, I'd use 1/8 the exposure
time (6 steps = 2**(6/2)). Etc.

Re: [Homebrew_PCBs] Setting exposure with a step gauge

2009-06-02 by Philip Pemberton

Zoran A. Scepanovic wrote:
> Check <http://www.thinktink.com/stack/volumes/volvi/filmimag.htm> there
> you have the explanation on using step gauge

The math for step 4 seems utterly wrong though:

# Calculate an initial exposure time by dividing the power output of your UV
lamp (in Watts) by the total area being illuminated (in cm2). Divide the
result into the total energy requirements of the dry-film (in miliJoules/cm2).
Multiply the result by 2. The final number that you come up with will be a
pretty good first estimate of the needed exposure time in seconds.

Every time I try this, my resulting exposure time is either way lower than
seems sensible (less than a second) or far too high (1300 seconds, or over 20
minutes)...

The UV box I'm calculating for is a Mega AZ210 -- four 15W lamps in each side
(eight in total, 60W per PCB side, or 120W all told), and an exposure area of
35.5x26cm (923 cm^2).

This is what I've got thus far:
Number of lamps = 4
Watts per lamp = 15
Total lamp power = (NumLamps * WattsPerLamp) = 60W

Exposure area width = 35.5cm
Exposure area height = 26.0cm
Exposure area total = (ExpAreaW * ExpAreaH) = 923 cm^2

Power output divided by area = 60 / 923 = 0.065005
(using Thinktink's numbers as an example) Dry film requires 42.5 mJ/cm^2
42.5 / 0.065005 = 653.792
Double that = 1307.58 seconds exposure

Or if I interpret it the other way:
Power output divided by area = 60 / 923 = 0.065005
0.065005 / 42.5 = 0.00153 (?!)
Double that = 0.003059 seconds


I must be doing something wrong, but I can't see what...

--
Phil.
ygroups@...
http://www.philpem.me.uk/

RE: [Homebrew_PCBs] Setting exposure with a step gauge

2009-06-02 by Marc Sulfridge

>Power output divided by area = 60 / 923 = 0.065005
>(using Thinktink's numbers as an example) Dry film requires 42.5 mJ/cm^2
>42.5 / 0.065005 = 653.792
>Double that = 1307.58 seconds exposure

The problem is one of units. The first number you calculated is the lamp intensity in W/cm^2=J/(s*cm^2). Your dry film dose is specified in mJ/cm^2= 0.001 J/cm^2. You need to convert this to J/cm^2 to keep your units consistent. 42.5 mJ/cm^2 = 0.0425 J/cm^2.



Thus:



time = 0.0425 J/cm^2 / 0.065 J/(s*cm^2) = 0.654 s



doubling this gives 1.31 seconds.



-Marc






To: Homebrew_PCBs@yahoogroups.com
From: ygroups@...
Date: Tue, 2 Jun 2009 16:37:38 +0100
Subject: Re: [Homebrew_PCBs] Setting exposure with a step gauge







Zoran A. Scepanovic wrote:
> Check <http://www.thinktink.com/stack/volumes/volvi/filmimag.htm> there
> you have the explanation on using step gauge

The math for step 4 seems utterly wrong though:

# Calculate an initial exposure time by dividing the power output of your UV
lamp (in Watts) by the total area being illuminated (in cm2). Divide the
result into the total energy requirements of the dry-film (in miliJoules/cm2).
Multiply the result by 2. The final number that you come up with will be a
pretty good first estimate of the needed exposure time in seconds.

Every time I try this, my resulting exposure time is either way lower than
seems sensible (less than a second) or far too high (1300 seconds, or over 20
minutes)...

The UV box I'm calculating for is a Mega AZ210 -- four 15W lamps in each side
(eight in total, 60W per PCB side, or 120W all told), and an exposure area of
35.5x26cm (923 cm^2).

This is what I've got thus far:
Number of lamps = 4
Watts per lamp = 15
Total lamp power = (NumLamps * WattsPerLamp) = 60W

Exposure area width = 35.5cm
Exposure area height = 26.0cm
Exposure area total = (ExpAreaW * ExpAreaH) = 923 cm^2

Power output divided by area = 60 / 923 = 0.065005
(using Thinktink's numbers as an example) Dry film requires 42.5 mJ/cm^2
42.5 / 0.065005 = 653.792
Double that = 1307.58 seconds exposure

Or if I interpret it the other way:
Power output divided by area = 60 / 923 = 0.065005
0.065005 / 42.5 = 0.00153 (?!)
Double that = 0.003059 seconds

I must be doing something wrong, but I can't see what...

--
Phil.
ygroups@...
http://www.philpem.me.uk/








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Re: [Homebrew_PCBs] Setting exposure with a step gauge

2009-06-02 by Philip Pemberton

leon Heller wrote:
> Buy the boards from Farnell or Rapid; the resist goes off after six months
> or so, I've found, and they could be old stock. I use sodium hydroxide for
> development - 12 g/litre.

I got the Microtrak and the CPD5 developer from Farnell (they're within
driving distance, and it cost less to drive down there than pay the UPS
hazchem charges) so they should be pretty close to new. If not, I can always
get the boards and developer direct from Mega...

CPD5 is (according to the MSDS) an 11% solution of sodium metasilicate, and
from what I've read is considerably less hazardous than NaOH.

Thanks,
--
Phil.
ygroups@...
http://www.philpem.me.uk/

Re: [Homebrew_PCBs] Setting exposure with a step gauge

2009-06-02 by DJ Delorie

Philip Pemberton <ygroups@...> writes:
> (using Thinktink's numbers as an example) Dry film requires 42.5 mJ/cm^2

ThinkTink's film requires 150-300 mJ/cm2

Show quoted textHide quoted text
> Double that = 1307.58 seconds exposure

That's 21 minutes. Sounds about right for an initial step gauge test.
I'd use 16 just to make the math easier ;-)

Re: [Homebrew_PCBs] Setting exposure with a step gauge

2009-06-02 by Philip Pemberton

DJ Delorie wrote:
> Philip Pemberton <ygroups@...> writes:
>> (using Thinktink's numbers as an example) Dry film requires 42.5 mJ/cm^2
>
> ThinkTink's film requires 150-300 mJ/cm2

Their website disagrees:

"Exposure energy: 25-60mJ/cm^2"

<http://www.thinktink.com/stack/volumes/voli/store/specs/m115spec.htm>

(60-25) = a range of 35mJ/cm^2.

Lower bound plus half the range = 25 + (35/2) = 25 + 17.5 = 42.5 mJ/cm^2.

A quick bit of maths suggests I'm off by a factor of 5 or 6 assuming
Thinktink's website is wrong...

Unless, of course, I've missed something...

>> Double that = 1307.58 seconds exposure
>
> That's 21 minutes. Sounds about right for an initial step gauge test.
> I'd use 16 just to make the math easier ;-)

And conveniently less than the maximum time my UV box's timer will run for
(16*60=960; 960 < 999)... :)

Right.. now to print off some transparencies, then I think I'll be building up
the first part of the GPSDO I've been meaning to build for about three months...

Thanks,
--
Phil.
ygroups@...
http://www.philpem.me.uk/

Re: [Homebrew_PCBs] Setting exposure with a step gauge

2009-06-02 by Philip Pemberton

Marc Sulfridge wrote:
> The problem is one of units. The first number you calculated is the lamp
> intensity in W/cm^2=J/(s*cm^2). Your dry film dose is specified in
> mJ/cm^2= 0.001 J/cm^2. You need to convert this to J/cm^2 to keep your
> units consistent. 42.5 mJ/cm^2 = 0.0425 J/cm^2.
>
> Thus: time = 0.0425 J/cm^2 / 0.065 J/(s*cm^2) = 0.654 s
>
> doubling this gives 1.31 seconds.

Which seems even more off than my estimates -- other types of photoresist I've
looked at specify an exposure time of between two and three minutes.

The only time I can see a one-second exposure working is if the light source
was an arc lamp...

--
Phil.
ygroups@...
http://www.philpem.me.uk/

Re: [Homebrew_PCBs] Setting exposure with a step gauge

2009-06-02 by DJ Delorie

So get a PCB with film, cut it into strips the width of your step
gauge, and do a binary search of your timer's range ;-)

Really, if you have a step gauge, you don't need to ask any more
questions - do ANY exposure with the step gauge for some time, and
based on the results, calculate the "right" time. Since it's
logarithmic, any reasonable time is an acceptable starting point.

Re: [Homebrew_PCBs] Setting exposure with a step gauge

2009-06-03 by Philip Pemberton

DJ Delorie wrote:
> http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/Homebrew_PCBs/message/20864
> http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/Homebrew_PCBs/message/20879
> http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/Homebrew_PCBs/message/20887
> http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/Homebrew_PCBs/message/20890
> http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/Homebrew_PCBs/message/20896

I think I've sorted it...

A 960-second (16-minute) exposure on CIF 0.8mm D/S pre-coated board produced a
step of 11. Shifted exposure by -3 stops to get 340 seconds, tried again and
got a step of 8:

<http://pcbwiki.philpem.me.uk/tiki-download_wiki_attachment.php?attId=1>
(JPEG image)

Now I just need to get the masks aligned, cut a piece of board down, expose
and etch...

--
Phil.
ygroups@...
http://www.philpem.me.uk/

Re: [Homebrew_PCBs] Setting exposure with a step gauge

2009-06-03 by DJ Delorie

Philip Pemberton <ygroups@...> writes:
> <http://pcbwiki.philpem.me.uk/tiki-download_wiki_attachment.php?attId=1>

I do not have permission to use that feature :-(

Show quoted textHide quoted text
> Now I just need to get the masks aligned,

I don't have a double-sided exposure box, but...

For DS boards, what I do is include targets on my artwork. I print a
paper copy of the artwork (in the same printer, just not film
quality), tape it down, and pre-drill the targets, usually 13 mil
holes.

When you place your film, you can see the holes through the film and
align the film to the target holes. That gets both sides pretty well
aligned.

For my targets, I use four square pads, placed together in a square,
with about 1 mil between them. Since I use negative film, this
results in a 1 mil crosshair inside a square hole in the ink, which is
really easy to align with those holes.

It looks kinda like this:

######## ########
######## ########
######## ########
######## ########
######## ########

######## ########
######## ########
######## ########
######## ########
######## ########

and prints like this:

###################
# # #
# # #
# # #
# # #
# # #
###################
# # #
# # #
# # #
# # #
# # #
###################

Re: [Homebrew_PCBs] Setting exposure with a step gauge

2009-06-03 by Philip Pemberton

DJ Delorie wrote:
> Philip Pemberton <ygroups@...> writes:
>> <http://pcbwiki.philpem.me.uk/tiki-download_wiki_attachment.php?attId=1>
>
> I do not have permission to use that feature :-(

That would be because I left "View Attachments" set to "Admins Only". It's set
to "All Users" now, so anyone should be able to see that file.

> For DS boards, what I do is include targets on my artwork. I print a
> paper copy of the artwork (in the same printer, just not film
> quality), tape it down, and pre-drill the targets, usually 13 mil
> holes.

That's what I was thinking of doing -- cut the board 1" or so oversize on each
side, then Scotch-tape the artwork to the board, drill through, then flip over
and align the other side.

I do have a double-sided exp. box, so it's a bit easier. What I've been doing
is aligning the two layers on an A4-sized light box, then using lengths of
foam mounting tape (B&Q, a shade under £2 for a 1.5m roll) to hold the masks
together. This stuff happens to be just about the right thickness to hold a
PCB between two transparencies, while maintaining near perfect alignment.
Ordinary double-sided tape seems to be a bit too thin.

Like said, I align the masks, stick it along three edges (leaving one side
open), leaving a pocket. Insert the PCB blank (with the lightproof film
removed!) into the pocket, check alignment, then put it in the UV box and
switch on.

I've just finished etching and drilling my first board, and it looks like it's
worked just about perfectly. I don't usually get this much success from a
completely new (to me) process :)

As for making the transparencies, I've been using "Jetstar Premium", in my
Canon iP4600, with the following settings:
--- Main ---
- Media type: Photo Paper Pro II
- Paper source: Rear Tray
- Greyscale Printing: On
- Print Quality: Custom [Set ==>]
- Quality: 1 (Fine)
- Halftoning: Auto
- Color / Intensity: Manual [Set ==>]
- Brightness: Dark
- Intensity: 50 (maximum/Dark)
- Contrast: 50 (maximum/High)
--- Page Setup ---
- Page size: A4, portrait
- Page layout: Normal-size printing
--- Effects ---
Make sure everything on this page is UNchecked.

This works pretty well for me, with very dense black print. Only problem is
you have to remember to apply these settings every time you print with EAGLE
(it doesn't preserve print settings AT ALL -- they reset to the driver
defaults as soon as the print dialog closes). Thankfully the Canon driver
allows configuration parameters to be saved to (and loaded from) a profile, so
it's not (too) bad, but you still need to remember to reload the profile
before hitting Print...

Ink needs to be on the matt side of the film (hold it between thumb and index
finger -- one side will feel "stickier" than the other -- that's the matt
side). EAGLE prints what's on screen, so turn off all layers other than the
ones you want to print (e.g. for the top layer, turn all layers off except
Top, Pads, Vias, and Dimension). Print the top layer mirrored, and the bottom
layer non-mirrored (the option for this is in the Print dialog). Check the
"Black" and "Solid" boxes to force EAGLE to print everything in black, with no
hatching.

... and that's basically it.

> For my targets, I use four square pads, placed together in a square,
> with about 1 mil between them. Since I use negative film, this
> results in a 1 mil crosshair inside a square hole in the ink, which is
> really easy to align with those holes.

I've been using the drill holes in the pads for coarse alignment, and the "0
mil" (translation: print as thin as possible) outline on the Dimension layer
for fine alignment (if it looks thicker than "just barely visible", it's out
of line). This gets close enough for the part pitch I've been using.

--
Phil.
ygroups@...
http://www.philpem.me.uk/

Re: [Homebrew_PCBs] Setting exposure with a step gauge

2009-06-03 by DJ Delorie

Looks like you got the exposure just right. Are you using some type
of vacuum hold-down? I found I had to do something about that because
the weight of the glass was insufficient to hold the film tight
against the board.

Re: [Homebrew_PCBs] Setting exposure with a step gauge

2009-06-03 by Philip Pemberton

DJ Delorie wrote:
> Looks like you got the exposure just right. Are you using some type
> of vacuum hold-down? I found I had to do something about that because
> the weight of the glass was insufficient to hold the film tight
> against the board.

The UV box has a vacuum pump built in -- there are four UV tubes in the
bottom, covered with a sheet of glass, then four in the top with a sheet of
flexible transparent plastic over them. When the timer is started, the vac
pump runs for a minute or so, then the tubes are struck and the countdown starts.

--
Phil.
ygroups@...
http://www.philpem.me.uk/

Re: [Homebrew_PCBs] Setting exposure with a step gauge

2009-06-04 by Simao Cardoso

On Wed, 2009-06-03 at 12:48 -0400, DJ Delorie wrote:

> Looks like you got the exposure just right. Are you using some type
> of vacuum hold-down? I found I had to do something about that because
> the weight of the glass was insufficient to hold the film tight
> against the board.
>

If you still didn't use/tried, maybe facing the paper side with ink down
to the dry film and placing the uv source 1 meter apart could be an easy
test. To use vacuum, use one piece of glass and other off some flexible
transparent (hard) plastic, maybe the mylar from the dry film.
Show quoted textHide quoted text
>