[sdiy] Taming things that run to the rails...

[Paul Perry]

I expect that some op amps are designed to handle being driven to the rails, 
and some aren't. Reaching the rails - in either direction - isn't going to 
overheat any op amp, it's a matter of what load it is driving.

Obviously, once an op amp goes as far as it can, the assumptions of 
effectively infinite gain are broken, and the circuit may not be doing what 
one expects.

paul perry melbourne Australia