<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>Oil Can Delays</title>
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Microsoft FrontPage 4.0">
<meta name="ProgId" content="FrontPage.Editor.Document">
<meta name="Microsoft Theme" content="none, default">
<meta name="Microsoft Border" content="none, default">
</head>
<body>
<h2 align="center">The Technology of Oil Can Delays</h2>
<p><font size="1">Copyright 1999 R.G. Keen. All Rights Reserved.</font></p>
<p>Before digital delays, before analog bucket brigade delays, there was an
effects technology that subbed in for tape delays that was portable and
relatively easy to use for floor mounted items. This was the rotating oil can
delay, and here's how it works.</p>
<p>Everyone is familiar with magnetic storage - you move a substrate containing
magnetizable particles past a recording head that has an alternating magnetic
field in it. The magnetic field polarizes the magnetic direction of the
particles on the substrate and an "image" of the magnetic field
alternations is thereby stored in the particles. Reading is the reverse - you
run the substrate past a pickup head with many turns of hair-thin wire and the
magnetic field in the particles causes a voltage to be induced in the coil of
wire, reading the info that was recorded.</p>
<p>There are usually "dual" operations for all magnetic and electronic
operations, interchanging electric field for magnetic field and capacitors for
inductors. This is no exception. If you put charge into a capacitor, it holds
the resulting voltage, a crude form of storage. If you have many incredibly tiny
capacitors, you can start making a fairly good representation of a varying
voltage. This is in fact the way bucket brigade delay chips work.</p>
<p>There is another way to do electrical field storage. Insulating materials can
be given an electric charge, as we all know. Just wear rubber soled shoes and
walk across pile carpeting on a dry winter day, then touch a doorknob. The
motion of the shoes across the carpet stored a charge on the shoes (and then
you) that was expressed visibly and audibly when you touched the doorknob.</p>
<p>In a similar way, if we have a fine brush of conductive wires, and arrange an
insulating belt to be moved past, just touching the brush, we can put a large AC
voltage on the brush and some of the electric field will be captured on the
surface of the belt. Since the belt is an insulator, the charge can't go
anywhere, so the electrical charge forms a replica of the voltage on the brush.
Each tiny area of insulating surface is in fact acting like a micro-miniature
capacitor, storing the value of the voltage from the brush at the instant the
brush moved away from it, just like the magnetic
particles in a tape machine store a replica of the magnetic field from the
record head.</p>
<p>The tiny voltage-carrying capacitors are carried off as the insulating belt
moves. The voltage would eventually leak
off into the air if we let it. We can instead choose to keep it in a dry
environment for a while, and "read" it later with a very high
impedance amplifier. It turns out that vacuum tubes are ideal for both the
writing (at high voltage) and reading (very high impedance) of such capacitive
storage, and indeed the first oil can delays were tube based. Later as
semiconductor technology got better, transistor and FET read and write
amplifiers were made for the oil can delays.</p>
<p>So why the oil? What's that do? Remember that business about leaking into the
air? The oil provides a sealable insulating layer over the insulating belt so
the charge is trapped inside and has a hard time leaking into the air. The
brushes reach right through it to put in/take out charge, and the voltage is
protected from leaking away. </p>
<p>The oil is the center of a controversy - the original oil is reputed to be a hazardous
material, carinogenic, etc. Is it? Maybe. Here's the scoop - the best insulating
oils available at the time the oil can delays were designed were transformer
insulating/cooling oils. These were definitely polychlorinated biphenyl based -
the same "PCB's" that are now banned from all use as containing deadly
dioxins. The only question is whether the oil can delay makers used the good
stuff or went cheap with some kind of mineral oil. It's best to play it safe -
treat any oil still in one as though it WERE the banned PCB based stuff. </p>
<p>If you're restoring an oil can delay that is now dry, what oil do you use?
I've heard of using mineral oil from a pharmacy, Singer brand sewing machine
oil, even 20 weight motor oil, all said to work. It may not matter too much, as
long as the oil you get is (a) good and insulating and (b) nontoxic.</p>
</body>
</html>